Features for Proto-Zachydic

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Large
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Small (2-4)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS High
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In both plosives and fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants WALS Uvular stops only
Glottalized Consonants WALS Ejectives only
*pʼ /pʼ/, *tʼ /tʼ/, *cʼ /tsʼ/, *ƛʼ /tɬʼ/, *čʼ /tʃʼ/, *kʼ /kʼ/, *qʼ /qʼ/
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/ and lateral obstruent
*l /l/, *ḻ /ɺ/, *ł /ɬ/, *ḽ /ɮ/, *ƛ /tɬ/, *λ /dɮ/, *ƛʼ /tɬʼ/
The Velar Nasal WALS Initial velar nasal
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Complex
Tone WALS Simple tone system
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS None

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Case + number
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS Dependent marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS Double marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Inconsistent or other
Reduplication WALS Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism WALS Core and non-core
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS Not syncretic

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS Three
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS Sex-based
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Plural suffix
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS All nouns, always obligatory
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number stem
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS Identical
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Related for all demonstratives
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS No politeness distinction
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No person marking
Number of Cases WALS 8-9 cases
Position of Case Affixes WALS Case suffixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS Differentiation
Numeral Classifiers WALS Obligatory
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS Possessive suffixes

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS Highly differentiated
Adjectives without Nouns WALS Without marking
Noun Phrase Conjunction WALS 'And' different from 'with'

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS Grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS No past tense
The Future Tense WALS No inflectional future
The Perfect WALS No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Mixed type
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second singular and second plural
The Prohibitive WALS Special imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS Maximal system
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative present
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS Direct and indirect
Coding of Evidentiality WALS Verbal affix or clitic
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS None

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS SOV
Order of Subject and Verb WALS SV
Order of Object and Verb WALS OV
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS OVX
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Noun-Relative clause
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Initial subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS OV and NRel
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS NegV
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS SONegV

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)
Only specific or definite direct objects were marked as accusative.
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Accusative
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Subject affixes on verb
Verbal Person Marking WALS Only the A argument
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS Zero in all 3sg forms
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Passive Constructions WALS Present
Antipassive Constructions WALS No antipassive
Applicative Constructions WALS No applicative construction
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions WALS Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes WALS Negative particle
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation WALS Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
Predicative Possession WALS Conjunctional
Predicative Adjectives WALS Nonverbal encoding
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Impossible
Comparative Constructions WALS Locational

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Relative pronoun
Relativization on Obliques WALS Relative pronoun
'Want' Complement Subjects WALS Desiderative verbal affix

Lexicon

M-T Pronouns WALS No M-T pronouns
rather, N-T pronouns (*ʔṇ́ʔah, *ʒ(iw)ə̄j)

Conlang-specific

Conlang type Other

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