Features for Levran

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Moderately small
/t/, /k/, /v/, /ð/, /s/, /ɣ/, /ʔ~h/, /ts/, /tɕ/, /m/, /n/, /ȵ/, /l/, /ɾ~ɹ/
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Average (5-6)
/i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /a/
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Average
2.8
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS No voicing constrast
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS Missing /p/
Uvular Consonants WALS None
Glottalized Consonants WALS No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal WALS No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Moderately complex
(s)C(r,l)V(s,n,r,l): The oberture of the syllable can only have the 's, r, l' if C=plosive. Syllables cannot start with a vowel, a consonant is always needed.
Tone WALS No tones
Fixed Stress Locations WALS No fixed stress
Weight-Sensitive Stress WALS Not predictable
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS No weight
Rhythm Types WALS Undetermined
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS 'Th' sounds
Only /ð/

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Isolating/concatenative
Verbs are isolating ('vra tsési' = 'found' = PST- find), while adjectives and nouns are concatenative (tákir = stone-ACC).
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Monoexponential case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 0-1 category per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS Dependent marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS No marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS Strongly suffixing
Reduplication WALS No productive reduplication
Case Syncretism WALS No syncretism
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS No subject person/number marking

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment WALS No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS No plural
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS No nominal plural
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number stem
Despite not differentiating a plural in nouns, pronouns do distinguish number. This happens mainly when talking about the whole tribe or about just one person. 3rd person doesn't distinguish number.
The Associative Plural WALS Unique affixal associative plural
This reffers to a whole group of something, it is not a plural.
Definite Articles WALS Definite word distinct from demonstrative
Articles (he, hir) usually mark the topic of a sentence and don't work as standard articles. They are easily substituted by adjectives or prepositions.
Indefinite Articles WALS Indefinite word distinct from 'one'
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS No inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS No person marking
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Four-way contrast
Demonstratives also work as possessives. Thus, d1=my/your, d2=the tribe's, d3=our/his/their, d4=their (out of the tribe)
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS Identical
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Unrelated
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns WALS Special
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS Differentiated
Reflexives are formed by adding 'la-' to a pronoun. Using the same preffix on nouns works as an intensifier.
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS Pronouns and nouns
'-na' is added to a preposition to mark 1st person, '-so' for 2nd, and '-hi' for 3rd.
Number of Cases WALS 3 cases
Nominative (-∅), Accusative (-r) and Genitive (-e). The genitive case turns a noun into an adjective and may be combined with the other cases (nom: -e, acc: -ir).
Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS Symmetrical
Position of Case Affixes WALS Case suffixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals WALS None
The plain numeral is used to mark order, so 'one thing'='the first thing'.
Distributive Numerals WALS No distributive numerals
Numeral Classifiers WALS Absent
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers WALS Formally different
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS No possessive affixes
As explained with the demonstratives, there are no possessives at all.

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS Genitives and adjectives collapsed
The genitive case has the '-e, -ir' endings, which are the endings all adjectives have.
Adjectives without Nouns WALS Marked by preceding word
The article is used to nominalize an article.
Action Nominal Constructions WALS Double-Possessive
ANCs are formed with the verb in the infinitive. Both the agent and patient will take the adjective case: the subjective in nominative-adjective and the object in accusative-adjective. An article precedes the clause.
Noun Phrase Conjunction WALS 'And' identical to 'with'
'ta' stands for both 'and' and 'with'.
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction WALS Differentiation
'ta' (mentioned above) goes between nouns, 'nan' between verbs.

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS No grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS Present, no remoteness distinctions
Formed with 'vra'.
The Future Tense WALS Inflectional future exists
Formed with 'ga'. Also, an intentional future (I am willing to do) exists (nelí).
The Perfect WALS Other perfect
A present/past perfect is formed with 'latsyé'.
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS No tense-aspect inflection
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second person number-neutral
Both the imperative and jussive are formed with 'síva'.
The Prohibitive WALS Normal imperative + normal negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS Neither type of system
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative present
Formed with 'mahé', works as either a subjunctive, an optative, or a conditional.
Situational Possibility WALS Verbal constructions
The potential mode (formed with 'mor') may have the following meanings: "I can read", "I may read".
Epistemic Possibility WALS Verbal constructions
The potential mode (formed with 'mor') may have the following meanings: "He may be home", "He must be home".
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking WALS Overlap for both possibility and necessity
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS No grammatical evidentials
Coding of Evidentiality WALS No grammatical evidentials
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS Tense and aspect
There are three kinds of irregularities: Vocalic (in which the vowel of the stem changes), Consonantal (in which a consonant of the stem changes), Pure Irregular (in which the whole stem changes).
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS None

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS SVO
Order of Subject and Verb WALS SV
Order of Object and Verb WALS VO
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS VOX
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Relative clause-Noun
Order of Degree Word and Adjective WALS Degree word-Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS Initial
The particle 'vu' is placed at the beginning of questions.
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Not initial interrogative phrase
The interrogative phrase is placed where the noun they substitute would in an affirmative sentence.
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Final subordinator word
Adverbial clauses are placed at the beginning of the sentence and are separated from the main clause by the adverbial subordinator.
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS VO and Prepositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS VO and RelN
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS VO and AdjN
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS VNeg
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS SVONeg
The negative particle 'kan' is placed after the object of an affirmative sentence to change its polarity.

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Neutral
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Obligatory pronouns in subject position
The verb doesn't express person, so the subject must always be present.
Verbal Person Marking WALS No person marking
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS No person marking
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' WALS Double-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions WALS No reciprocals
Passive Constructions WALS Present
Most of tenses have their passive counterpart formed with a different particle (compare FUT (ga) and FUT.PAS (hágen)).
Antipassive Constructions WALS No antipassive
Applicative Constructions WALS No applicative construction
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions WALS Morphological but no compound
Adding de particle 'vátsyo' before any verbal tense turns it into a causative.
Negative Morphemes WALS Negative particle
The particle 'kan' marks negative polarity.
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Symmetric
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation WALS Mixed behaviour
If the object is a negative pronoun or a noun with a negative determiner, 'kan' is no longer needed. This doesn’t happen when only the subject is negative.
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
The particle 'vu' is placed at the beginning of polar questions.
Predicative Possession WALS 'Have'
Predicative Adjectives WALS Verbal encoding
Existential clauses are formed by treating the adjective as a verb. Compare 'nyágare táki' (the black stone) VS 'he táki vra nyágare' (the stone was black).
Nominal and Locational Predication WALS Different
The verb 'lésta' (to be, to stand) indicates position. For nominal predication, zero copula is used.
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Possible
E.g. 'se láre (this) he táki (stone)' = this is a stone/ these are stones.
Comparative Constructions WALS Locational
The comparative is formed by adding a suffix to the 2nd term of the comparison. E.g. 'Láre mánmar (this house) se síne-la (that-more) híse (tall)' = This house is taller than that one.

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Pronoun-retention
Relativization on Obliques WALS Pronoun-retention
'Want' Complement Subjects WALS Both construction types exist
Purpose Clauses WALS Deranked
'When' Clauses WALS Balanced
Reason Clauses WALS Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses WALS Balanced

Lexicon

Hand and Arm WALS Different
Finger and Hand WALS Different
Numeral Bases WALS Extended body-part system
Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories WALS 4
Number of Basic Colour Categories WALS 6-6.5
Green and Blue WALS Green/blue
Red and Yellow WALS Red vs. yellow
M-T Pronouns WALS M-T pronouns, paradigmatic
N-M Pronouns WALS N-M pronouns, paradigmatic
Tea WALS Others

Sign Languages

Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages WALS None
Question Particles in Sign Languages WALS One

Other

Writing Systems WALS Alphabetic
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks WALS Other or none

Conlang-specific

Conlang type Artlang

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