Features for Kiowa

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Average
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Average
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In plosives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants WALS None
Glottalized Consonants WALS Ejectives only
Lateral Consonants WALS No /l/, but lateral obstruents
The Velar Nasal WALS No velar nasal
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Moderately complex
Tone WALS Simple tone system
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS None

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS No case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 8-9 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS Head marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS Head marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS Equal prefixing and suffixing
Reduplication WALS No productive reduplication
Case Syncretism WALS No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS Syncretic

Nominal Categories

Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Plural suffix
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Number-indifferent pronouns
Definite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS 'We' the same as 'I'
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS Identical
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns WALS Interrogative-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No adpositions
Number of Cases WALS Exclusively borderline case-marking
Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS Symmetrical
Position of Case Affixes WALS Case suffixes
Numeral Classifiers WALS Absent
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS Possessive prefixes

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS Two classes
Action Nominal Constructions WALS Restricted
Noun Phrase Conjunction WALS 'And' different from 'with'

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS Grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS No past tense
The Future Tense WALS Inflectional future exists
The Perfect WALS No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Tense-aspect suffixes
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second singular and second plural
The Prohibitive WALS Special imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS Neither type of system
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility WALS Affixes on verbs
Epistemic Possibility WALS Affixes on verbs
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking WALS Overlap for either possibility or necessity
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS Indirect only
Coding of Evidentiality WALS Verbal affix or clitic
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS None
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS SOV
Order of Subject and Verb WALS SV
Order of Object and Verb WALS OV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS No adpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS Genitive-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Internally headed
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS Initial
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Subordinating suffix
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Other
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS ObligDoubleNeg
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS ObligDoubleNeg

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Neutral
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Hierarchical
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Subject affixes on verb
Verbal Person Marking WALS A or P argument
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS Zero in all 3sg forms
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Reciprocal Constructions WALS Identical to reflexive
Passive Constructions WALS Absent
Antipassive Constructions WALS Implicit patient
Applicative Constructions WALS No applicative construction
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions WALS Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes WALS Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Both
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS A/Cat
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation WALS Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
Predicative Adjectives WALS Verbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication WALS Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Impossible

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Non-reduction
Purpose Clauses WALS Deranked
'When' Clauses WALS Deranked
Reason Clauses WALS Balanced/deranked
Utterance Complement Clauses WALS Balanced

Lexicon

Hand and Arm WALS Identical
Finger and Hand WALS Different
M-T Pronouns WALS No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns WALS N-M pronouns, paradigmatic

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