Features for Asthezhi

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Average
/p, f, β, t, θ, ð, k, x, ɰ, kʷ, xʷ, w, m, n, s, z, l, j, ɻ, ɕ, ʑ, tɕ, ʂ, ʐ/


transliterated as

⟨p, ph, v, t, th, d, k, kh, g, q, qh, w, m, n, s, z, l, y, r, sh/ch, zh/j, c, sr, zr⟩
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Average (5-6)
/i, ʉ, e, o, æ, ɑ/ transliterated as ⟨i, u, e, o, a, ʌ⟩
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Average
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In fricatives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS Other
Voiced plosives only occur as allophones.
Uvular Consonants WALS None
Glottalized Consonants WALS No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal WALS No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels WALS High only
Syllable Structure WALS Moderately complex
Tone WALS No tones
Fixed Stress Locations WALS No fixed stress
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS 'Th' sounds
⟨d⟩ usually realized as /ð/

The /θ/ realization of ⟨th⟩ developed independently from earlier /tʰ/

Morphology

Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Monoexponential case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 4-5 categories per word
A maximally inflected verb marks for

1. person of the subject
2. person of the direct object
3. tense
4. mood
5. polarity
Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS Head marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS Head marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Head-marking
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS Strongly suffixing
Reduplication WALS Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism WALS No syncretism
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS Not syncretic

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment WALS No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Mixed morphological plural
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS All nouns, always optional
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Number-indifferent pronouns
The Associative Plural WALS Associative same as additive plural
Definite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS 'We' the same as 'I'
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS 'We' the same as 'I'
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Three-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS Different inflection
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Unrelated
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS Pronouns avoided for politeness
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS Identical
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No person marking
Number of Cases WALS 10 or more cases
10 cases:

Intransitive
Ergative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Comitative
Allative
Ablative
Adverbial
Vocative
Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS Symmetrical
Position of Case Affixes WALS Case suffixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS Identity
Ordinal Numerals WALS One-th, two-th, three-th
Numeral Classifiers WALS Absent

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS Genitives and adjectives collapsed
All genitive case nouns are grammatically adjectives and can be further inflected as such.
Adjectives without Nouns WALS Marked by suffix
Action Nominal Constructions WALS No action nominals
Noun Phrase Conjunction WALS 'And' identical to 'with'
Both indicated with the comitative case
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction WALS Differentiation
Nouns decline into the comitative case, grammatically treated as an adjective.

Verbs have a special conjunctive form, grammatically treated as an adverb.

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS No grammatical marking
The active participle of verbs, used to form the antipassive voice, can also convey something like the imperfective aspect.
The Past Tense WALS No past tense
Past actions are conveyed by verbal constructions, by adverbs, or simply by context.
The Future Tense WALS Inflectional future exists
Contrasts with the nonfuture tense. The distinction is comparable to that of realis vs irrealis mood.
The Perfect WALS From possessive
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Tense-aspect suffixes
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second person number-neutral
The Prohibitive WALS Special imperative + normal negative
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility WALS Affixes on verbs
Epistemic Possibility WALS Other
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS Direct and indirect
Coding of Evidentiality WALS Separate particle
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS None
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS None

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS SOV
Order of Subject and Verb WALS SV
Order of Object and Verb WALS OV
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS No dominant order
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Postpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Relative clause-Noun
Order of Degree Word and Adjective WALS Degree word-Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS Final
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Final subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS OV and Postpositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS OV and RelN
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS OV and AdjN
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS [V-Neg]
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS SOVNeg

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Tripartite
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Tripartite
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Split
Intransitive verbs conjugate the same way as reflexive verbs.
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Optional pronouns in subject position
Verbal Person Marking WALS Both the A and P arguments
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P are fused
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' WALS Indirect-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions WALS Identical to reflexive
Passive Constructions WALS Present
Antipassive Constructions WALS Oblique patient
Negative Morphemes WALS Negative affix
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Symmetric
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
Predicative Possession WALS 'Have'
Predicative Adjectives WALS Mixed
Nominal and Locational Predication WALS Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Impossible
Comparative Constructions WALS Particle

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Relative pronoun
Relativization on Obliques WALS Relative pronoun
'Want' Complement Subjects WALS Desiderative verbal affix
Purpose Clauses WALS Balanced
'When' Clauses WALS Balanced
Reason Clauses WALS Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses WALS Balanced

Lexicon

Hand and Arm WALS Different
Finger and Hand WALS Different
Green and Blue WALS Green vs. blue
Red and Yellow WALS Red vs. yellow
M-T Pronouns WALS No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns WALS No N-M pronouns
Tea WALS Others

Other

Writing Systems WALS Alphasyllabic

Conlang-specific

Conlang type Artlang

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